Structure Of The Two Ketone Groups - 784 Words

Prednisolone 1. Structure The two ketone groups will be sp2 hybridised and so are the carbon-to-carbon (C-to-C) double bonds. The carbon atoms that are part of alkanes and the alcohol groups will be sp3 hybridised. There isn’t any resonance in the molecule. 2. Functional Groups There are 3 different functional groups, excluding the alkane and cycloalkanes. There are two aliphatic ketones and three aliphatic alcohols along with a cyclohexadiene, where one of the ketones is found. The alcohols are secondary, tertiary and primary as you go from left to right of the molecule. 3. Conformation of prednisolone 4. Stereochemistry in prednisolone Prednisolone has 7 chiral centres, which would give rise to 128 possible stereoisomers. There are also two C-to-C double bonds, however because they are part of a ring, they wouldn’t give rise to any geometrical isomers. 5. Acidic or basic functional groups in the drug Prednisolone is a neutral molecule. Alcohol groups are mildly acidic and could theoretically act as an acid at a high pH, but that would happen very rarely, certainly not at physiological pH. There are no basic groups in Prednisolone. 6. Ionisation state of the drug in the stomach (pH of 2) and blood (pH of 7.4) Prednisolone would remain in this neutral state both at pH 2 and at pH 7.4. This is because its strongest acid pKa is 12.59 (the tertiary alcohol; the primary and the secondary alcohols have pKa values of 13.87 and 14.93 respectively). Hence, the hydroxylShow MoreRelatedOxygen Bearing Compounds1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthe samples from being a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol, aldehyde, or a ketone. Introduction In analyzing the oxygen bearing organic compounds, there are several tests that may be performed to distinguish among the different classes of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. All these tests exploit differences in the type and degree of reactivity of each of the functional groups. Several different oxidizing agents may be used to cause theoxidation of molecules. Potassium permanganateRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Haloalkanes1179 Words   |  5 Pagesas they only have temporary and permanent dipole-dipole interactions. Haloalkanes have low polarity compared to water, therefore the haloalkanes are almost insoluble in water. Haloalkanes can react via substitution. The halogen is replaced by a group that is negatively charged or carried a lone pair of electrons (a nucleophile). CH3CH2Cl + OH- CH3CH2OH + Cl- CH3CH2Cl + 2NH3 CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Cl This requires concentrated ammonia and high pressure. Haloalkanes can undergo elimination to removeRead MoreTest Tests And Its Effect On A Patient Of A Wide Range Of Disorders, Diseases, And Conditions827 Words   |  4 PagesUrinalysis is a test done on urine in order to diagnose a patient of a wide range of disorders, diseases, and conditions. There are several urinalysis test such as pH, ketones, specific gravity and glucose to name a few. There are three different exams that can be done to identify abnormalities; one of the exam is chemical exam. In a chemical examination a laboratorian uses a dipstick test that changes color in reaction to certain concentrations of a substance that could be in urine. Read MoreCooperative Cation Binding Catalysis For Direct Generation Of Two Contiguous Tertiary And Quaternary Stereogenic Centers1309 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract In this study, the concept of cooperative cation binding catalysis was elegantly applied for direct generation of two contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereogenic centers. 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In this experiment, identifications of the unknown ketone was accomplished using thin layer chromatography, meltingRead MoreTable 1 Organizes All Observational And Statistical Data1705 Words   |  7 Pages2900, a C=O at 1700, and an aromatic C-H stretch at 3000-3150. Some of the peaks are in fact present, but weak in comparison. Figure 6 gives benzilic product peaks, showing the same C=O peak at 1700 but this time as a twin peak due to the newfound structure. The aromatic C-H peak is still present. Figure 7 demonstrates the benzilic acid analysis, containing a weak C=O stretch from 1600-1700, O-H stretch that dips at 3400-3200, and an O-H acid stretch at 3100. In each, impurities seemingly exist by theRead MoreThe Synthesis Of 13 Butadienes732 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER TWO RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Synthesis of 1,3-butadienes Dienes can be synthesised from aldehydes and ketones using the Wittig reaction. The Wittig reaction facilitates the synthesis of new carbon-carbon double bonds at specific locations in aldehydes and ketones (Bernard Ford, 1983). The overall reaction mechanism is shown in Figure 1. Protocols for synthesising 1,3-butadienes from aldehydes and ketones have been established in the literature. The synthesis protocol proposed byRead MoreLab 9 : Reduction Of Carbonyl Compounds1314 Words   |  6 Pagescarbonyl group to it’s corresponding substituted alcohol and can be achieved by catalytic or chemical reduction. Catalytic reduction is the addition of hydrogen gas (H2) across a pi bond of the carbonyl using a metal catalyst. Chemical reduction involves the use a reducing agent to donate the proton that will reduce the pi bond. Reducing agents can determine the specificity of the reaction due to the varying reactivity of the different reducing agents towards different functional groups. 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The melting point range of the product was 106.5  °C -109.3  °C due to the difficulty of boiling out the ethanol and therefore